Friday, February 14, 2020

Financial Ratios Used in the Financial Statements and Policies Coursework

Financial Ratios Used in the Financial Statements and Policies - Coursework Example The financial statement prepared with the help of financial ratios is an aid to find out the efficient operation of the business for the share holders, competitors, and outsiders who are willing to invest in the firm. These ratios play a key role in calculating the dividend to shareholders, interest to debenture holders, as well as the tax payable to the government. They also express the risk factor and bankruptcy chances of the firm. There have been no convincing theories on financial ratios over the years. Horrigan (1965), writes on how the financial ratios were originated and how the theories were not. He says that a unique outcome of the accounting evolution in the United States was the development of financial ratios which helped in analyzing accounting statements. Such ratios were originally formulated for using short-term credit analytical devices. The origin of such ratios can be traced out as far back as the late 19th century. A number of various financial ratios were developed by the analysts in the early decades of the century. The next step after the formulation of such ratios was the development of the body of empirical generalization about such financial ratios which later turn out to be the hypothesis for drawing out a theory of financial ratio analysis. However, the materialization of a system of empirical generalization never happened, much less a theory (Horrigan, 1965). There are a number of sources for the collection of information for financial ratio analysis. The Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet serves as the main source for information.

Sunday, February 2, 2020

The Underlying Causes of Women Empowerment as in a Management Level Literature review

The Underlying Causes of Women Empowerment as in a Management Level across the past decade in the United Kingdom - Literature review Example This research methodology is designed to understand and gauge the reasons for increased women empowerment across managerial levels in the United Kingdom. Although laws and regulations have been in place for quite some time, research has showed that there has been a spike in women’s involvement in managerial position in the United Kingdom. This comprehensive research methodology provides a brief overview of the hypothesis, the research strategy and design for the research. The research methods that will be employed to gather the necessary information, followed by the data analysis methods, will also be discussed. At the end of the module, a brief statement about ethical issues at hand and a conclusive statement will be provided. WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AT A MANAGERIAL LEVEL IN UNITED KINGDOM: United Kingdom has been considered as a pioneering modern society that has embraced the changing societies and ideas; they are the prime example of a modern society. For the literature review to be objective and the research to be authentic, the sources that were used for the gathering of the theoretical material was done from scholarly articles and researches that have been conducted in the past. These researches substantiate the theory that there has been an increase in the development of women empowerment, especially in the Managerial level positions in the United Kingdom. ... Women were not considered for strategically important positions in the past. The race towards the top for the women was slow and steady. Women have now reached an epitome of success; 15 out of 500 fortune companies have women CEO’s and this figure are expected to improve with each passing year (CNNMoney, 2010). In order to understand the causes and reasons for the increase in women empowerment, researches have been conducted in the past to see if literacy levels, understanding from the other gender, increase in the women’s career oriented personalities, their likelihood to come back to work after marriage and maternity. Research has shown that the increase in the inclination shown from the women to develop their career as seriously as men do, has increased the level of their competency and has made the opposite gender notice the increase in managerial capability. The work life balance of women has definitely increased over the years, now that they are given flexible wor k hours, and presence of child care options etc. This inclines the women to come back after childbirth and work full time, a phenomena that was not present about 20 years ago. Women working full time would become homemakers and stay back to take care of their children, leaving their careers behind. This is definitely changing today, increasing women participation in the managerial layer (Walby, 2002). There still exists a perception in the minds of the male gender, about the way women handle situations in managerial positions. It has been proven that women have a different management style than men and men mostly do not agree with that style as being as effective as their own. A recent study by Harvard Business Review has shown the majority of the male gender